Peripheral Functions of the Endocannabinoid System: Pathology and Physiology

Introduction Although the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is best known for its important neuromodulatory role, it has become apparent in recent years that the physiology of almost every organ is affected by the ECS. This is especially true under pathological conditions, in which an up-regulation of the expression of cannabinoid receptors and increased endocannabinoid production can often be observed. The ECS in peripheral tissues thus seems to constitute an important stress-response system that becomes activated in situations that challenge homeostasis.